Concerns about future access to strategic raw materials for the high-tech industry have spurred countries around the world to investigate possibilities to extract mineral resources from the deep-sea floor as an alternative or supplement to land mining. Whilst the International Seabed Authority by mandate of the United Nations is still working out the details of the regulatory framework for mining in international waters, the maritime industry is already in full swing developing the technology for mineral extraction from the deep ocean. In the EU-funded Blue Nodules project, the Dutch shipbuilder and technology provider Royal IHC, together with partners from industry and academia, is developing a seabed vehicle for collecting metalliferous nodules, with special emphasis on reducing environmental impacts on the marine environment.
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Research vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa, operated by the marine technical unit of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research, CSIC.
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The field trial of the scaled test vehicle Apollo II was the crown on several years of work by engineers of IHC, who in 2016 started its design and construction. After extensive lab testing of the propulsion and collector systems in 2017, all components were assembled into the integrated test vehicle Apollo II, which was first tested dry and wet in the Netherlands and then subjected to a first field trial offshore Málaga in 2018. After a round of technical revisions, Apollo II was deemed ready for its second field trial in the summer of 2019. In a convoy of four trucks with trailer, Apollo II and a whole load of other equipment required for the trial were driven from the Netherlands to Vigo in northwestern Spain, and there loaded onboard the Spanish research vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa. This ship had been chartered from CSIC-UTM for the field trial because of its favourable overall size and deck space, DP navigation, hoisting capacity of cranes and winches, drop keels for mounting client-supplied equipment, and state of the art scientific facilities such as multibeam and multiparameter echosounders, CTD and ship-ADCP. After four days of preparations, including a test dip of Apollo II in the port of Vigo, RV Sarmiento de Gamboa departed from the port on 9 August 2019 and set course to the test area in the Spanish Mediterranean offshore Málaga. NIOZ, the Blue Nodules partner responsible for overall organization of the field trial and for assessment of the environmental performance of the test vehicle, had chosen the 300-m deep test site in consultation with Spanish colleagues, because of its gently sloping muddy seabed and relatively weak bottom currents, comparable to operational conditions in the deep ocean for which the mining vehicle is designed. In addition and not unimportant, the area has excellent weather and sea-state statistics, especially in summer. |
Harbour acceptance test of Apollo II in the port of Vigo. Photo Henko de Stigter. |
On 12 August 2019, with the city of Málaga and its mountainous hinterland in full view from the ship, Apollo II was hoisted overboard and lowered to the seabed 300 m below the ship and there subjected to a sequence of technical tests. The performance of the vehicle was closely monitored by the IHC members of the research team, who received a continuous stream of sensor data and live video images from the vehicle via the umbilical cable by which it remained connected with the ship. In parallel with the technical testing of Apollo II, Blue Nodules team members from NIOZ and University of Aarhus, assisted by the ROV team of Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) and technicians of CSIC-UTM, did surveys of the local current regime, hydrography of the water column, seabed topography and sediment characteristics. In the second week at sea, an array of moored sensors was set out on the seabed, including turbidity sensors, current profilers, sediment traps, an in-situ particle sizer and a recorder for underwater sound. The sensors would record the plume of sediment stirred up by Apollo II and underwater noise produced by the vehicle as it was driving in parallel lines at various distances along the array. Given the variable direction of tidal currents in the area, the passage of the vehicle along the array needed to be carefully timed in order to ensure that the sediment plume produced by the vehicle would be carried towards the array and not away from it. To this end, bottom currents were continuously monitored with the ship’s current profiler. |
The performance of Apollo II on the seabed is closely followed on monitors in the control room. Photo Laurens de Jonge. |
Results of the first week of technical performance tests were very satisfying. Apollo II drove several kilometres of straight and curving trajectory over soft muddy seabed, proving the functionality of propulsion, steering, underwater navigation and the hydraulic collector, whilst critical issues which need attention in the further development of the system were brought to light. Technical issues with the track propulsion and hydraulic collector limited the number of environmental tests that could be carried out during the second week. Even so, analysis of the collected sensor data showed that the plume and sound produced by the vehicle had been clearly recorded, despite notable interference from nearby trawling. Inspection of the trial of Apollo II by ROV yielded video images and high-resolution scanning sonar images of the imprint produced by the tracks and the hydraulic collector on the seabed. Also, boxcore samples of seabed disturbed by the vehicle as well as reference samples from undisturbed seabed could be collected. The trial provided an excellent opportunity to test and improve methods for evaluating the environmental performance of gear used for harvesting metalliferous nodules from the seabed. Greatly contributing to the success of the trial were the excellent technical and scientific facilities of RV Sarmiento de Gamboa and the professionality of its captain and crew, as well as the support provided by personnel of CSIC-UTM both on board and on land. |
Deployment of moored sensors for monitoring Apollo II sediment plume and underwater noise. Photo Henko de Stigter. |